Ubani owasungula ipulasitiki?

Izikhwama zepulasitiki ziyizidingo zansuku zonke ezingabonakala yonke indawo empilweni yethu, ngakho-ke ubani owasungula ipulasitiki?Empeleni kwakuwukuhlola komthwebuli wezithombe egumbini elimnyama okwaholela ekwakhiweni kwepulasitiki yasekuqaleni.

I-Alexander Parks inezinto eziningi zokuzilibazisa, ukuthwebula izithombe kungenye yazo.Ngekhulu le-19, abantu babengakwazi ukuthenga ifilimu yezithombe esenziwe ngomumo kanye namakhemikhali njengoba benza namuhla, futhi ngokuvamile kwakudingeka bazenzele abakudingayo bona.Ngakho wonke umthwebuli wezithombe kumele abe ngusokhemisi.Enye yezinto ezisetshenziswa ezithombeni "collagen", okuyisixazululo "se-nitrocellulose", okungukuthi, isixazululo se-nitrocellulose ku-alcohol ne-ether.Ngaleso sikhathi yayisetshenziselwa ukunamathisela amakhemikhali azwela ukukhanya engilazini ukuze kwenziwe okulingana nefilimu yezithombe yanamuhla.Ngawo-1850, amaPaki abheka izindlela ezahlukene zokubhekana ne-collodion.Ngolunye usuku wazama ukuhlanganisa i-collodion ne-camphor.Wamangala lapho ukuxubana kwaphumela entweni egobekayo, eqinile.Amapaki abiza le nto ngokuthi “Paxine,” futhi leyo kwakuyipulasitiki yokuqala.Amapaki enza zonke izinhlobo zezinto "Paxine": amakamu, amapeni, izinkinobho nokuphrinta kobucwebe.UPaki, nokho, wayengenangqondo yebhizinisi futhi walahlekelwa yimali emabhizinisini akhe.

Ngekhulu lama-20, abantu baqala ukuthola ukusetshenziswa okusha kwepulasitiki.Cishe yonke into ekhaya ingenziwa ngohlobo oluthile lwepulasitiki.Kwashiyelwa kwabanye abasunguli ukuthi baqhubeke nokuthuthukisa kanye nokwenza inzuzo ngomsebenzi wamaPaki.UJohn Wesley Hayat, umnyathelisi waseNew York, wabona leli thuba ngo-1868, lapho inkampani eyenza amabhiliyoni ikhononda ngokuntuleka kwamazinyo endlovu.UHayat wenza ngcono inqubo yokukhiqiza futhi wanika i-“Pakxin” igama elisha – “celluloid”.Wathola imakethe elungile kubakhiqizi bamabhiliyade, futhi akuphelanga isikhathi eside ngaphambi kokuba enze imikhiqizo ehlukahlukene ngepulasitiki.Amapulasitiki akudala ayethambekele ekushisweni, okukhawulela uhla lwemikhiqizo engenziwa kuwo.Ipulasitiki yokuqala ukumelana ngempumelelo namazinga okushisa aphezulu kwakuyi "Berkelet".U-Leo Backlund wathola ilungelo lobunikazi ngo-1909. Ngo-1909, i-Baekeland e-United States yenza amapulasitiki e-phenolic okokuqala.

Ngawo-1930, inayiloni yaphinde yethulwa, futhi yayibizwa ngokuthi “umucu owenziwe ngamalahle, umoya namanzi, ozacile kunosilika wesicabucabu, unamandla kunensimbi, futhi ungcono kunosilika”.Ukubukeka kwabo kwabeka isisekelo sokusungulwa nokukhiqizwa kwamapulasitiki ahlukahlukene ngemva kwalokho.Ngenxa yokuthuthukiswa kwemboni ye-petrochemical ngeMpi Yezwe Yesibili, izinto ezingavuthiwe zamapulasitiki zashintsha amalahle zafaka uphethiloli, futhi imboni yokukhiqiza amapulasitiki nayo yathuthuka ngokushesha.Ipulasitiki yinto elula kakhulu engathanjiswa ngokuyishisisa ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi kakhulu, futhi ingalolongwa ibe yinoma yini oyifunayo.Imikhiqizo yepulasitiki inemibala ekhanyayo, ilula ngesisindo, ingesabi ukuwa, iyonga futhi ihlala isikhathi eside.Ukufika kwayo akulethi nje kuphela inqwaba yezimpilo zabantu, kodwa kuphinde kugqugquzele intuthuko yemboni.